{"id":1138,"date":"2023-02-24T14:45:50","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T13:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vulcania.com\/science\/?page_id=1138"},"modified":"2023-03-08T10:45:58","modified_gmt":"2023-03-08T09:45:58","slug":"comment-nait-et-evolue-un-cyclone","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vulcania.com\/science\/risques\/comment-nait-et-evolue-un-cyclone\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment na\u00eet et \u00e9volue un cyclone ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row el_class=\u00a0\u00bbbloc-titre\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb10\/12″][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbintro\u00a0\u00bb]En simplifiant, on peut distinguer diff\u00e9rents types de d\u00e9pressions de grande ampleur. Le terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique de cyclone (du grec \u00ab\u00a0kuklos\u00a0\u00bb : cercle) d\u00e9signe une puissante d\u00e9pression atmosph\u00e9rique<\/strong> qui s’enroule autour de son centre. Celui-ci, minimum d\u00e9pressionnaire d\u00e9pourvu de nuages, est appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0\u0153il\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Selon la vitesse moyenne des vents dans une d\u00e9pression, on parle de d\u00e9pression tropicale<\/strong> (pour des vents de moins de 62 km\/h), de temp\u00eate tropicale<\/strong> (de 62 \u00e0 117 km\/h) ou d’ouragan<\/strong> pour des vents d\u00e9passant les 117 km\/h. Cette appellation d’ouragan est surtout utilis\u00e9e pour la r\u00e9gion cara\u00efbe et dans le Golfe du Mexique. Dans l’oc\u00e9an Indien ou l’ouest de l’oc\u00e9an Pacifique, on les qualifiera respectivement de cyclone tropical<\/strong> ou de typhon<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Comment se forment les cyclones ?<\/h2>\n

Quelle que soit l’appellation employ\u00e9e, l’essentiel des cyclones se forme dans des conditions bien d\u00e9termin\u00e9es. Ils naissent \u00e0 partir d’une instabilit\u00e9 atmosph\u00e9rique pr\u00e9existante, comme tout front orageux. Ils se \u00ab\u00a0nourrissent\u00a0\u00bb de chaleur et d’humidit\u00e9 au-dessus de la surface de l’oc\u00e9an, lorsque la temp\u00e9rature des eaux de surface d\u00e9passe 26 \u00b0C sur une tranche d’eau \u00e9paisse d’au moins 50 m\u00e8tres. Cet apport de chaleur est le \u00ab\u00a0carburant\u00a0\u00bb indispensable pour que la machine cyclonique puisse s’amorcer en d\u00e9cuplant la puissance des cellules orageuses qui se mettent en place. C’est la raison pour laquelle nombre d’orages sur la plan\u00e8te n’\u00e9voluent pas en cyclone.<\/p>\n

Autre facteur essentiel : la force de Coriolis<\/a>, n\u00e9e de la rotation de la Terre sur elle-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n

Et sur les terres ?<\/h2>\n

Si l’ouragan gagne en puissance en mer, cela ne l’emp\u00eache pas de continuer son parcours lorsqu’il touche les c\u00f4tes. Mais, comme il affectionne les surfaces planes, l’humidit\u00e9 et la chaleur, son trajet continental est, fort heureusement, parsem\u00e9 d’emb\u00fbches. En effet, son passage au-dessus des terres le prive progressivement de tout ce qui faisait sa force. Il perd rapidement de sa puissance, sauf s’il retrouve une zone marine avant de s’\u00eatre compl\u00e8tement dissip\u00e9. Il arrive ainsi que certains cyclones provenant du Golfe du Mexique, apr\u00e8s avoir durement frapp\u00e9 les c\u00f4tes atlantiques, traversent l’Am\u00e9rique Centrale et voient leurs forces d\u00e9cupl\u00e9es lorsqu’ils retrouvent les eaux chaudes du Pacifique.<\/p>\n

A quoi s\u2019attendre dans le futur ?<\/h2>\n

De puissants moyens de surveillance et d’alerte sont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s par les m\u00e9t\u00e9orologues, qui tentent de pr\u00e9voir le d\u00e9placement de ces \u00ab\u00a0monstres\u00a0\u00bb en s’appuyant sur l’histoire pass\u00e9e. Cependant, les changements climatiques en cours pourraient bien modifier la donne : si les \u00e9tudes actuelles ne montrent pas d\u2019augmentation du nombre de ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir, on pourrait en revanche assister \u00e0 leur intensification, certains pouvant m\u00eame toucher des r\u00e9gions jusqu’alors \u00e9pargn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Alex, Fiona, Maria et tous les autres\u2026<\/h2>\n

Tout ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, pour \u00eatre ais\u00e9ment d\u00e9sign\u00e9 et reconnu par chacun, doit avoir un nom facile \u00e0 retenir. Il est donc apparu n\u00e9cessaire de nommer les cyclones. Les chiffres auraient pu \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s, mais ils sont peu parlants. Aussi a-t-on d\u00e9fini des listes de pr\u00e9noms courts et facilement pronon\u00e7ables pour pouvoir les distinguer. Dans les Cara\u00efbes, au d\u00e9but du XX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, des noms de saints furent utilis\u00e9s. Dans la marine, on privil\u00e9gia un temps les pr\u00e9noms des petites amies pour de faibles temp\u00eates et les pr\u00e9noms d’aventures moins heureuses pour les temp\u00eates plus d\u00e9vastatrices. Les mouvements f\u00e9ministes aidant, les listes de pr\u00e9noms devinrent mixtes d\u00e8s 1979, avec alternance de pr\u00e9noms masculins et f\u00e9minins.<\/p>\n

D\u2019apr\u00e8s La Montagne et l’\u00e9quipe scientifique de Vulcania<\/em><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_text_separator title=\u00a0\u00bbExp\u00e9rimentez \u00e0 Vulcania\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb border_width=\u00a0\u00bb2″ accent_color=\u00a0\u00bb#888888″][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/12″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb5\/12″][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1140″ img_size=\u00a0\u00bbmedium\u00a0\u00bb style=\u00a0\u00bbvc_box_rounded\u00a0\u00bb onclick=\u00a0\u00bbcustom_link\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.vulcania.com\/animation\/ouragan\/\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb5\/12″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Ouragan<\/h3>\n

Suivez le parcours de l\u2019ouragan \u201cLucy\u201d depuis l’Afrique jusqu’\u00e0 Cuba, et mesurez l’ampleur de ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne impressionnant sur un \u00e9cran g\u00e9ant de 415m\u00b2.[\/vc_column_text][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbEn savoir plus sur \u00ab\u00a0Ouragan\u00ab\u00a0\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbbouton coul-1″ link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulcania.com%2Fanimation%2Fouragan%2F\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/12″][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row el_class=\u00a0\u00bbbloc-titre\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb10\/12″][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbintro\u00a0\u00bb]En simplifiant, on peut distinguer diff\u00e9rents types de d\u00e9pressions de grande ampleur. Le terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique de cyclone (du grec \u00ab\u00a0kuklos\u00a0\u00bb : cercle) d\u00e9signe une puissante d\u00e9pression atmosph\u00e9rique qui s’enroule autour de son centre. Celui-ci, minimum d\u00e9pressionnaire d\u00e9pourvu de nuages, est appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0\u0153il\u00a0\u00bb. Selon la vitesse moyenne des vents dans une d\u00e9pression, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1153,"parent":97,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[20],"class_list":["post-1138","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tags-les-phenomenes-naturels"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nO\u00f9 naissent les cyclones et comment \u00e9voluent-ils ?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les scientifiques de Vulcania vous expliquent comment se forment les cyclones et comment ils se comportent en mer et sur terre.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vulcania.com\/science\/risques\/comment-nait-et-evolue-un-cyclone\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" 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