{"id":217,"date":"2017-06-29T10:29:56","date_gmt":"2017-06-29T08:29:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vulcania-sciences.scopika.com\/?page_id=217"},"modified":"2023-03-22T09:53:54","modified_gmt":"2023-03-22T08:53:54","slug":"tectonique-des-plaques","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vulcania.com\/science\/terre\/tectonique-des-plaques\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu’est-ce que la tectonique des plaques ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row el_class=\u00a0\u00bbbloc-titre\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb10\/12″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Les plaques tectoniques<\/h2>\n
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L’\u00e9corce terrestre est divis\u00e9e en une douzaine de grandes plaques tectoniques (ou lithosph\u00e9riques). R\u00e9put\u00e9es ind\u00e9formables, ces plaques se d\u00e9placent : elles peuvent s\u2019\u00e9carter, se chevaucher, s\u2019affronter ou coulisser les unes par rapport aux autres. C’est ce que l’on appelle la \u00ab tectonique des plaques \u00bb (anciennement \u00ab d\u00e9rive des continents \u00bb).<\/p>\n

En \u00ab surface \u00bb, la remont\u00e9e de mat\u00e9riaux chauds s\u2019effectue pour l\u2019essentiel au fond des oc\u00e9ans. C\u2019est le long de ces dorsales que le magma en provenance du manteau sup\u00e9rieur remonte vers la surface en s\u2019injectant dans des fractures, provoquant l\u2019\u00e9cartement des plaques situ\u00e9es de part et d\u2019autre. De ce m\u00e9canisme sont n\u00e9es de v\u00e9ritables cha\u00eenes de montagnes sous-marines, les dorsales oc\u00e9aniques<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Injection apr\u00e8s injection, l\u2019\u00e9cartement des plaques et des continents qu\u2019elles portent mod\u00e8le la surface de la Terre.<\/p>\n

Depuis des centaines de millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es, l\u2019expansion oc\u00e9anique fonctionne ainsi comme un \u00ab tapis roulant \u00bb, en repoussant de part et d\u2019autre le plancher oc\u00e9anique form\u00e9. Les plaques continentales et oc\u00e9aniques se d\u00e9placent en moyenne de 3 centim\u00e8tres par an : c\u2019est la vitesse \u00e0 laquelle poussent vos ongles !<\/p>\n

Le diam\u00e8tre de la Terre ne varie pas. S’il y a cr\u00e9ation de fonds oc\u00e9aniques au niveau des dorsales, il faut n\u00e9cessairement qu\u2019une surface \u00e9quivalente disparaisse en d\u2019autres endroits.<\/p>\n

Afin de compenser l\u2019expansion, la cro\u00fbte oc\u00e9anique s\u2019enfonce dans le manteau dans des endroits o\u00f9 les courants de convection sont descendants, au niveau des fosses oc\u00e9aniques.<\/p>\n

Il y a environ 200 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es (Ma), les cinq continents n\u2019en formaient qu\u2019un : la Pang\u00e9e, entour\u00e9e d\u2019un unique oc\u00e9an, la Panthalassa.<\/p>\n

La tectonique des plaques a progressivement fragment\u00e9 cet ensemble. On peut en effet constater que la c\u00f4te orientale de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Sud s\u2019embo\u00eete parfaitement avec celle de l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, comme deux pi\u00e8ces d\u2019un puzzle.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9couverte de fossiles identiques de plantes et d\u2019animaux, ou encore de roches similaires de part et d\u2019autre de l\u2019Atlantique, atteste aussi leur union pass\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Exp\u00e9rimentez \u00e0 Vulcania<\/h4><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div>
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\n\t\t\t\"\"<\/a>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Machine Terre<\/h3>\n

D\u00e9couvrez un espace interactif, d\u00e9di\u00e9 enti\u00e8rement \u00e0 la connaissance de la plan\u00e8te Terre et du Syst\u00e8me Solaire.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n

En savoir plus sur \"Machine Terre\"<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Exp\u00e9rimentez \u00e0 Vulcania Machine Terre D\u00e9couvrez un espace interactif, d\u00e9di\u00e9 enti\u00e8rement \u00e0 la connaissance de la plan\u00e8te Terre et du Syst\u00e8me Solaire. En savoir plus sur \"Machine Terre\"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1001,"parent":26,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"tags":[21,14],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nComprendre le fonctionnement des plaques tectoniques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Elles se chevauchent, s'\u00e9cartent les unes des autres\u2026 Comment est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 le mouvement des plaques tectoniques ? 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